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Mệnh đề quan hệ trong tiếng Anh-Relative Clauses  - Ôn Thi Tốt

Mệnh đề quan hệ trong tiếng Anh-Relative Clauses 

Mệnh đề quan hệ trong tiếng Anh-Relative Clauses

Mệnh đề quan hệ (mệnh đề tính từ) bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ: who, whom, which, that, whose hay những trạng từ quan hệ: why, where, when. Mệnh đề quan hệ dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó.

I. Các đại từ quan hệ:
1. WHO:
– làm chủ từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ
– thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người
….. N (person) + WHO + V + O
2. WHOM:
– làm túc từ cho động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ
– thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người
…..N (person) + WHOM + S + V
3. WHICH:
– làm chủ từ hoặc túc từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ
– thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật
….N (thing) + WHICH + V + O
….N (thing) + WHICH + S + V
4. THAT:
– có thể thay thế cho vị trí của who, whom, which trong mệnh đề quan hệ quan hệ xác định
* Các trường hợp thường dùng “that”:
– khi đi sau các hình thức so sánh nhất
– khi đi sau các từ: only, the first, the last
– khi danh từ đi trước bao gôm cả người và vật
– khi đi sau các đại từ bất định, đại từ phủ định, đại từ chỉ số lượng: no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anything, anybody, someone, something, somebody, all, some, any, little, none.
Ex: He was the most interesting person that I have ever met.
It was the first time that I heard of it.
These books are all that my sister left me.
She talked about the people and places that she had visited.
* Các trường hợp không dùng that:
– trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định
– sau giới từ
5. WHOSE: dùng để chỉ sở hữu cho danh từ chỉ người hoặc vật, thường thay cho các từ: her, his, their, hoặc hình thức ‘s
…..N (person, thing) + WHOSE + N + V ….

II. Các trạng từ quan hệ
1. WHY: mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ chỉ lý do, thường thay cho cụm for the reason, for that reason.
…..N (reason) + WHY + S + V …
Ex: I don’t know the reason. You didn’t go to school for that reason.
→ I don’t know the reason why you didn’t go to school.
2. WHERE: thay thế từ chỉ nơi chốn, thường thay cho there
….N (place) + WHERE + S + V ….
(WHERE = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)
Ex: a/ The hotel wasn’t very clean. We stayed t that hotel.
→ The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean.
→ The hotel at which we stayed wasn’t very clean.
3. WHEN: thay thế từ chỉ thời gian, thường thay cho từ then
….N (time) + WHEN + S + V …
(WHEN = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)
Ex: Do you still remember the day? We first met on that day.
→ Do you still remember the day when we first met?
→ Do you still remember the day on which we first met?
I don’t know the time. She will come back then. → I don’t know the time when she will come back.

Mệnh đề quan hệ trong tiếng Anh

III. Các loại Mệnh đề quan hệ
Có hai loại mệnh đề quan hệ: mệnh đề quan hệ xác định và mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định.
Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (Defining relative clauses): là mệnh đề được dùng để xác định danh từ đứng trước nó. Mệnh đề xác định là mệnh đề cần thiết cho ý nghĩa của câu, không có nó câu sẽ không đủ nghĩa. Nó được sử dụng khi danh từ là danh từ không xác định và không dùng dấu phẩy ngăn cách nó với mệnh đề chính.
Mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định (Non-defining relative clauses): là mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thông tin về một người, một vật hoặc một sự việc đã được xác định. Mệnh đề không xác định là mệnh đề không nhất thiết phải có trong câu, không có nó câu vẫn đủ nghĩa. Nó được sử dụng khi danh từ là danh từ xác định và được ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng một hoặc hai dấu phẩy (,) hay dấu gạch ngang (-)
Ex: Dalat, which I visited last summer, is very beautiful. (Non-defining relative clause)
Note: để biết khi nào dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định, ta lưu ý các điểm sau:
– Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là một danh từ riêng
– Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa là một tính từ sở hữu (my, his, her, their)
– Khi danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa la một danh từ đi với this , that, these, those

IV. Một số lưu ý trong mệnh đề quan hệ
1. Nếu trong mệnh đề quan hệ có giới từ thì giới từ có thể đặt trước hoặc sau mệnh đề quan hệ (chỉ áp dụng với whom và which.)
Ex: Mr. Brown is a nice teacher. We studied with him last year.
→ Mr. Brown, with whom we studied last year, is a nice teacher.
→ Mr. Brown, whom we studied with last year, is a nice teacher.
2. Có thể dùng which thay cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước.
Ex: She can’t come to my birthday party. That makes me sad. → She can’t come to my birthday party, which makes me sad.
3. Ở vị trí túc từ, whom có thể được thay bằng who.
Ex: I’d like to talk to the man whom / who I met at your birthday party.
4. Trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định , chúng ta có thể bỏ các đại từ quan hệ làm túc từ:whom, which.
Ex: The girl you met yesterday is my close friend. The book you lent me was very interesting.
5. Các cụm từ chỉ số lượng some of, both of, all of, neither of, many of, none of … có thể được dùng trước whom, which và whose.
Ex: I have two sisters, both of whom are students. She tried on three dresses, none of which fitted her.

V. Cách rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ:
1. Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm phân từ:
Mệnh đề quan hệ chứa các đại từ quan hệ làm chủ từ who, which, that có thể được rút gọn thành cụm hiện tại phân từ (V-ing) hoặc quá khứ phân từ (V3/ed).
* Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề chủ động thì rút thành cụm hiện tại phân từ (V-ing).
a/ The man who is standing over there is my father. → The man standing over there is my father.
b/ The couple who live next door to me are professors. → The couple living next door to me are professors.
* Nếu mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề bị động thì rút thành cụm quá khứ phân từ (V3/ed). Ví dụ:
a/ The instructions that are given on the front page are very important. → The instructions given on the front page are very important.
b/ The book which was bought by my mother is interesting. → The book bought by my mother is interesting.
2. Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu:
Mệnh đề quan hệ được rút thành cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (To-infinitive) khi trước đại từ quan hệ có các cụm từ: the first, the second, the last, the only hoặchình thức so sánh bậc nhất. Ví dụ
a/ John was the last person that got the news. → John was the last person to get the news.
b/ He was the best player that we admire. → He was the best player to be admired.
c/ He was the second man who was killed in this way. → He was the second man to be killed in this way.
Relative Clauses –

VI.Which Or That?

Dùng which cho mênh đề quan hệ không xác định, đứng trước dấu phẩy

Dùng that cho mệnh đê quan hệ xác định, không đứng trước dấu phẩy

The bananas that I bought on Monday are rotten.
The bananas, which I bought on Monday, are rotten.
In the first case, it’s possible that we have two types of bananas in the house:

Older bananas that I bought on Monday
Newer bananas that I bought on Wednesday

VII.Giới từ và mệnh đề quan hệ

Ví dụ:

listen to
The music is good. Julie listens to the music.
→ The music (which / that) Julie listens to is good.

work with
My brother met a woman. I used to work with the woman.
→ My brother met a woman (who / that) I used to work with.

go to
The country is very hot. He went to the country.
→ The country (which / that) he went to is very hot.

come from
I visited the city. John comes from the city.
→ I visited the city (that / which) John comes from.

apply for
The job is well paid. She applied for the job.
→ The job (which / that) she applied for is well paid.

Whose

‘Whose’ là chủ ngữ của đại từ quan hệ va không thể lược bỏ

The dog is over there. The dog’s / its owner lives next door.
→ The dog whose owner lives next door is over there.

The little girl is sad. The little girl’s / her doll was lost.
→ The little girl whose doll was lost is sad.

The woman is coming tonight. Her car is a BMW.
→ The woman whose car is a BMW is coming tonight.

The house belongs to me. Its roof is very old.
→ The house whose roof is old belongs to me.

Where / when / why

Thỉnh thoảng chúng ta có thể dùng đại từ nghi vấn thay thế cho đại từ quan hệ và giới từ

I live in a city. I study in the city.

→ I live in the city where I study.
→ I live in the city that / which I study in.
→ I live in the city in which I study.

The bar in Barcelona is still there. I met my wife in that bar.

→ The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona that / which I met my wife in is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona in which I met my wife is still there.

The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the summer.

→ The summer when I graduated from university was long and hot.
→ The summer that / which I graduated from university in was long and hot.
→ The summer in which I graduated was long and hot.

Trên đây là tổng hợp kiến thức về đại từ quan hệ trong tiếng Anh, các bạn tham khảo nhé, chúc các bạn học tốt tiếng Anh.

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