Nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3<\/h2>\n

I. H\u00ccNH TH\u00c1I C\u1ea4U TR\u00daC NHI\u1ec4M S\u1eaeC TH\u1ec2<\/strong><\/h6>\n

\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>1. H\u00ecnh th\u00e1i NST<\/strong><\/p>\n

– \u1ede vi khu\u1ea9n: NST ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ADN tr\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng v\u00f2ng, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi pr\u00f4t\u00eain.<\/p>\n

– \u1ede virus: NST c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ADN tr\u1ea7n, 1 s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c NST l\u00e0 ARN.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u1ede sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n chu\u1ea9n:<\/p>\n

– M\u1ed7i NST g\u1ed3m 2 cromatit g\u1eafn nhau \u1edf t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

– Trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o sinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng (t\u1ebf b\u00e0o x\u00f4ma) m\u1ed7i NST c\u00f3 1 c\u1eb7p gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1eb7p NST t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

2. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac si\u00eau hi\u1ec3n vi c\u1ee7a NST<\/strong><\/p>\n

– NST \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o g\u1ed3m: ADN v\u00e0 pr\u00f4t\u00eain (lo\u1ea1i histon). L\u01b0\u1ee3ng ADN kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o sinh v\u1eadt nh\u00e2n chu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp g\u1ecdn v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 g\u00f3i b\u1ecdc ADN theo c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c xo\u1eafn kh\u00e1c nhau trong NST<\/p>\n

– ADN m\u1ea1ch xo\u1eafn (2nm). \u0110o\u1ea1n ADN g\u1ed3m 146 c\u1eb7p nucl\u00eaotit qu\u1ea5n 1 v\u00f2ng \u00be quanh kh\u1ed1i c\u1ea7u g\u1ed3m 8 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed pr\u00f4t\u00eain d\u1ea1ng histon t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nucl\u00ea\u00f4x\u00f4m\u00a0\u00a0\u00e0\u00a0S\u1ee3i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (11nm)\u00e0S\u1ee3i nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc (30nm)\u00e0\u00a0V\u00f9ng x\u1ebfp cu\u1ed9n (300nm)\u00e0\u00a0Cromatid (700nm)\u00e0\u00a0NST \u1edf k\u1ef3 gi\u1eefa (1400nm)<\/p>\n

II. \u0110\u1ed8T BI\u1ebeN C\u1ea4U TR\u00daC NST<\/strong><\/h3>\n

– \u0110\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac NST l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a NST, d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y l\u00e0m s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c gen v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a NST.<\/p>\n

+ B\u00ean trong 1 NST: m\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111o\u1ea1n, l\u1eadp \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

+ Gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c NST: chuy\u1ec3n \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

– Do c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u00ed nh\u01b0 tia ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u, di\u1ec7t c\u1ecf, do virus… ho\u1eb7c do s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i sinh l\u00ed n\u1ed9i b\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

\u00a01. M\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1n:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

– M\u1ea5t \u0111i 1 \u0111o\u1ea1n NST, m\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft hay gi\u1ea3m s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

TD:<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u1ede ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t 1 \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u1eafn NST s\u1ed1 5 g\u00e2y n\u00ean h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng \u201cti\u1ebfng m\u00e8o k\u00eau\u201c. Tr\u1ebb m\u1eafc h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng kh\u00f3c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfng m\u00e8o k\u00eau.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

– \u1ede ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t 1 \u0111o\u1ea1n NST s\u1ed1 21 g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh ung th\u01b0 m\u00e1u \u00e1c t\u00ednh (do c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3ng c\u1ea7u)<\/p>\n

– \u1ede th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt (ng\u00f4) hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng\u00a0\u00e0\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi NST nh\u1eefng gen kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

\u00a02. L\u1eb7p \u0111o\u1ea1n:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

– L\u00e0 1 \u0111o\u1ea1n NST c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i 1 hay nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gen tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u00ecn chung l\u1eb7p \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

TD:<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0L\u1eb7p \u0111o\u1ea1n 16A tr\u00ean NST X \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ru\u1ed3i gi\u1ea5m<\/p>\n

3. \u0110\u1ea3o \u0111o\u1ea1n:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

– L\u00e0 1 \u0111o\u1ea1n NST \u0111\u1ee9t ra r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c 180^{0<\/sup>\u00a0v\u00e0 n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c gen tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ea3o \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110B \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00edt \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng do v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u di truy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n}

TD:<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 12 d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ean NST s\u1ed1 3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ru\u1ed3i gi\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

\u00a04. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111o\u1ea1n:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

– L\u00e0 s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c NST kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gen trong nh\u00f3m li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n sang nh\u00f3m li\u00ean k\u1ebft kh\u00e1c. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1edbn th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft hay m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n. \u0110\u00f4i khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi t\u1ee9c th\u00ec.<\/p>\n

TD:<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u1ede th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt (l\u00faa, chu\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1eadu), ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta chuy\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m gen mong mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb NST c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y sang NST c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 I. H\u00ccNH TH\u00c1I C\u1ea4U TR\u00daC NHI\u1ec4M S\u1eaeC TH\u1ec2 \u00a0\u00a01. H\u00ecnh th\u00e1i NST – \u1ede vi khu\u1ea9n: NST ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":10197,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[450,472],"tags":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10195"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10195"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10195\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10197"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10195"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10195"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10195"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}