D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 este, b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 este c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a este m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

1\/ Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 este trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n este \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ee9c<\/h2>\n

– Th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng axit: s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng thu\u1eadn ngh\u1ecbch<\/p>\n

RCOOR\u2019 + HOH R \u00a0<=H+, t0=>COOH + R\u2019OH<\/p>\n

– Th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec1m (ph<\/em>\u1ea3<\/em>n <\/em>\u1ee9<\/em>ng x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng ho\u00e1<\/em>): Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111un n\u00f3ng<\/p>\n

RCOOR\u2019 + NaOH \u2013t0-> RCOOH + R\u2019OH<\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n

+ Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 1:\u00a0<\/strong>n<\/strong>_{NaOH ph\u1ea3n\u00a0 \u1ee9ng<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>= n<\/strong>Este<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>==>\u00a0Este \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ee9c.<\/strong><\/p>\n}

+ Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 2: RCOOR\u2019 (este \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ee9c), R\u2019 l\u00e0 C<\/strong>_{6<\/sub><\/strong>H<\/strong>5<\/sub><\/strong>\u2013 ho\u1eb7c v\u00f2ng benzen c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf<\/strong> th\u00ec =>n<\/strong>NaOH ph\u1ea3n\u00a0 \u1ee9ng<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0= 2n<\/strong>este<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m s\u1ebd cho 2 mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 phenolat<\/strong>:<\/p>\n}

+ Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 3: n<\/strong>_{NaOH ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>=<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>a.n<\/strong>este<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(<\/strong>a<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>> 1,<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>R\u2019 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i C6<\/sub>H5<\/sub>\u2013 hay v\u00f2ng benzen c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m th\u1ebf) th\u00ec =>\u00a0Este \u0111a ch\u1ee9c.<\/strong><\/p>\n}

+ Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng thu\u1ef7 ph\u00e2n este cho ra 1 an\u0111ehit (ho\u1eb7c xeton),\u00a0coi nh\u01b0 ancol<\/strong>\u00a0(\u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e2n v\u1edbi andehit) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m \u2013OH g\u1eafn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o li\u00ean k\u1ebft\u00a0 C=C\u00a0v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/strong>\u00a0khi \u0111\u00f3 => c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a este.<\/p>\n

+ Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sau khi th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n ta thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mu\u1ed1i (ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4 c\u1ea1n ta thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn khan) m\u00e0\u00a0<\/strong>m<\/strong>_{mu\u1ed1i<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>= m<\/strong>este<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>+ m<\/strong>NaOH<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>th\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3 este ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o m\u1ea1ch v\u00f2ng<\/strong>\u00a0(lacton):<\/p>\n}

<\/p>\n

+ Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p g\u1ed1c hidrocacbon c\u1ee7a R\u2019, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed C g\u1eafn v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ed1c este ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed halogen khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n s\u1ebd chuy\u00ean h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh andehit ho\u1eb7c xeton hay axit cacboxylic<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 este khi th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n este \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ee9c<\/h3>\n

\n
• Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hay bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a este: este no, kh\u00f4ng no, este c\u1ee7a ancol, este c\u1ee7a phenol\u2026<\/li>\n
• B\u1ea3o to\u00e0n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n_{NaOH\/OH <\/sub>= nOH\/ROH ; <\/sub>nNa\/NaOH <\/sub>= nNa\/RCOONa<\/sub><\/strong><\/li>\n}
• B\u1ea3o to\u00e0n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

  m<\/strong>_{este<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>+ m<\/strong>NaOH ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>= m<\/strong>mu\u1ed1i\u00a0 <\/sub><\/strong>+ m<\/strong>ancol<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n}

  m<\/strong>_{este<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>+ m <\/strong>dd NaOH<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>= m<\/strong>dd d\u01b0<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n}

  m<\/strong>_{este<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>+ m<\/strong>NaOH \u0111em ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>= m<\/strong>ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafni\u00a0 <\/sub><\/strong>+ m<\/strong>ancol\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/sub><\/strong>Trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn l\u00e0 RCOONa ho\u1eb7c NAOH d\u01b0<\/p>\n}

  m<\/strong>_{este c\u1ee7a phenol <\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>+ m<\/strong>NaOH \u0111em ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>= m<\/strong>ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafni\u00a0 <\/sub><\/strong>+ m<\/strong>H2Ol\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n}

  \n
  • T\u0103ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/li>\n
  • Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p trung b\u00ecnh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 este<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    2\/ Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 este trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n este \u0111a ch\u1ee9c<\/h2>\n

    Trong d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp th\u00ec th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n este \u0111a ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp kh\u00f3, v\u00ec v\u1eadykhi gi\u1ea3i d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c este t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb axit \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ancol \u0111a ch\u1ee9c hay este t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb axit \u0111a ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ancol \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ee9c hay este t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb axit \u0111a ch\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng ancol \u0111a ch\u1ee9c. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f9ng chia s\u1ebb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 este d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

    Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n \u0111a ch\u1ee9c (ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng h\u00f3a):\u00a0x =\u00a0nNaOHneste\u00a0\u2192 x: s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a este<\/p>\n

    – Trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng h\u00f3a este 2 ch\u1ee9c v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch NaOH ta c\u00f3:<\/p>\n

    * 1 mu\u1ed1i + 1 ancol + 1 an\u0111ehit<\/p>\n

    Khi \u0111\u00f3 este \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o: R1\u00a0– OOC \u2013 R \u2013 COO \u2013 CH = CH \u2013 R2<\/p>\n

    Ta c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: \u00a0R1\u00a0– OOC \u2013 R \u2013 COO \u2013 CH = CH \u2013 R2\u00a0+ NaOH \u2192 NaOOC \u2013 R \u2013 COONa + R1\u00a0OH + R2\u00a0– CH2\u00a0– CHO<\/p>\n

    * 2 mu\u1ed1i + 1 ancol<\/p>\n

    Khi \u0111\u00f3 este \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o: R1\u00a0– COO \u2013 R \u2013 OOC \u2013 R2<\/p>\n

    Ta c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: R1\u00a0– COO \u2013 R \u2013 OOC \u2013 R2\u00a0+ 2NaOH \u2192 R1\u00a0– COONa + R2\u00a0– COONa + R(OH)2<\/p>\n

    Trong \u0111\u00f3 ta c\u00f3 \u00a0:\u00a0nOH\u2212=2neste=\u2211nmuoi=nancol=neste<\/p>\n

    * 1 mu\u1ed1i + 2 ancol<\/p>\n

    Khi \u0111\u00f3 este \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o: R1\u00a0– COO \u2013 R \u2013 OOC \u2013 R2<\/p>\n

    Ta c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: R1\u00a0– OOC \u2013 R \u2013 COO \u2013 R2\u00a0+ 2NaOH \u2192 NaOOC \u2013 R \u2013 COONa + R1OH + R2OH<\/p>\n

    Trong \u0111\u00f3 ta c\u00f3 :\u00a0nOH\u2212=2nmuoi=2neste;nOH\u2212=2\u2211nruou<\/p>\n

    * 1 mu\u1ed1i + 1 ancol<\/p>\n

    Khi \u0111\u00f3 este \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o: R(COOR\u2019)2\u00a0hay (RCOO)2R\u2019<\/p>\n

    Ta c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng: R(COOR\u2019)2\u00a0+ 2NaOH \u2192 NaOOC \u2013 R \u2013 COONa + 2R\u2019OH(RCOO)2R\u2019 + 2NaOH \u2192 2RCOONa + 2R\u2019(OH)2<\/p>\n

    3\/ Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 este trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p este v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c<\/h2>\n

    Trong dang b\u00e0i to\u00e1n h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p este v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c (ancol, axit,..) ta th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5u ho\u1eb7c g\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m cho b\u00e0i to\u00e1n. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 este d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y ta c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e0i n\u00f3i c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c este th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ta ch\u00fa \u00fd ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ee9c este trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam ch\u1ee9c axit ho\u1eb7c ancol.<\/p>\n

    Khi b\u00e0i to\u00e1n cho 2 ch\u1ee9c h\u1eefu c\u01a1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi NaOH ho\u1eb7c KOH t\u1ea1o ra:<\/p>\n

    +\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p\u00a02 mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 1 ancol th\u00ec r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng 2 ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0RCOOR\u2019 v\u00e0 R\u2019\u2019COOR\u2019\u00a0c\u00f3 n_{NaOH\u00a0<\/sub>= nR\u2019OH<\/sub><\/p>\n}

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hay:\u00a0RCOOR\u2019 v\u00e0 R\u2019\u2019COOH\u00a0c\u00f3 n_{NaOH\u00a0<\/sub>> nR\u2019OH<\/sub><\/p>\n}

    +\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p\u00a01 mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 1 ancol ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra sau<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0RCOOR\u2019 v\u1edbi ROH<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ho\u1eb7c:\u00a0RCOOR\u2019 v\u1edbi RCOOH<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ho\u1eb7c:\u00a0RCOOH v\u1edbi R\u2019OH<\/p>\n

    +\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p\u00a01 mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 2 ancol th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra sau<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0RCOOR\u2019 v\u00e0 RCOOR\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n

    –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 RCOOR\u2019 v\u00e0 R\u2019\u2019OH<\/p>\n

    Qua b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft chia s\u1ebb v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 este n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u00edch cho b\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec1u trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp m\u00f4n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 este, b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 este… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":10282,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[471,450],"tags":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10281"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10281"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10281\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10282"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10281"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10281"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10281"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}