\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi may m\u1eafn, h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t m\u00f4n v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00ed quy\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t m\u00f4n v\u1eadt l\u00fd, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n
May m\u1eafn thay, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1eadt l\u00fd. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00ed quy\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t m\u00f4n v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00f3\u00a0 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n \u201cchinh ph\u1ee5c\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4n v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u1edf ph\u1ea1m vi h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n
Trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, s\u1ed1 Avogadro th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n d\u1ec5 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n n\u1eafm v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n
N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed7i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 : . Gia t\u1ed1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh ra do\u00a0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt. N\u1ebfu v\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u v0<\/sub>\u00a0t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m t0<\/sub>\u00a0v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c cu\u1ed1i l\u00e0 v t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m t, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia t\u1ed1c khi n\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb v0<\/sub>\u00a0\u0111\u1ebfn v. S\u1ef1 gia t\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m khi v\u1eadt di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00ec v\u1eady,<\/p>\n To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc. Th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n trong l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/p>\n Khi \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n v\u1eadt l\u00fd, c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 cho, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm. Vi\u1ebft ra nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e1n t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin\u00a0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u1ea1n ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng suy lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n H\u00e3y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cho t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb trong h\u1ec7 SI.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u0110\u00f4i khi, nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n l\u1ef1c ma s\u00e1t) m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua. Tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ch\u00fang, th\u00ec h\u00e3y \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i trong b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn sai \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh trong khi b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m b\u00e0i, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian, h\u00e3y ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng sai.<\/p>\n H\u00e3y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ti\u1ebft h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean l\u1edbp. H\u00e3y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m chung v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p cho b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c m\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc trong l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n Trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5. H\u00e3y ghi ch\u00fa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. Qua \u0111\u00f3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng chung v\u1ec1 \u201chi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00ec \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra, suy \u00a0ngh\u0129, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u201cc\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn\u201d \u2013 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u00eam sau gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc, h\u00e3y n\u00f3i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean. C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd cho gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 l\u1eafng nghe. N\u1ebfu gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n Sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean l\u1edbp, d\u00e0nh v\u00e0i ph\u00fat xem qua l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ngay khi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0. L\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n ghi nh\u1edb s\u00e2u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc. V\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u00e3y ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00f4n t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0, h\u00e3y n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh th\u00eam c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho b\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng, c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch tham kh\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ngu\u1ed3n tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap n\u00e0o m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi may m\u1eafn, h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t m\u00f4n v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00ed quy\u1ebft… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[415,427],"tags":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10350"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10350"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10350\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10350"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10350"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10350"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\n
\n
\u00a0\u00a0Th\u1ee9 hai,\u00a0B\u00ed quy\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t m\u00f4n v\u1eadt l\u00fd: s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng\u00a0chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\u00a0V\u00e0\u00a0cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng,\u00a0B\u00ed quy\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t m\u00f4n v\u1eadt l\u00fd: L\u00e0m h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n