Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property EDD_Theme_Updater_Admin::$item_name is deprecated in /home/dh_vfxcbf/onthitot.com/wp-content/themes/blogrank-pro/updater/theme-updater-admin.php on line 58

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property EDD_Theme_Updater_Admin::$beta is deprecated in /home/dh_vfxcbf/onthitot.com/wp-content/themes/blogrank-pro/updater/theme-updater-admin.php on line 64

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property EDD_Theme_Updater_Admin::$item_id is deprecated in /home/dh_vfxcbf/onthitot.com/wp-content/themes/blogrank-pro/updater/theme-updater-admin.php on line 65

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/dh_vfxcbf/onthitot.com/wp-content/themes/blogrank-pro/updater/theme-updater-admin.php:58) in /home/dh_vfxcbf/onthitot.com/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-server.php on line 1794

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/dh_vfxcbf/onthitot.com/wp-content/themes/blogrank-pro/updater/theme-updater-admin.php:58) in /home/dh_vfxcbf/onthitot.com/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-server.php on line 1794

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/dh_vfxcbf/onthitot.com/wp-content/themes/blogrank-pro/updater/theme-updater-admin.php:58) in /home/dh_vfxcbf/onthitot.com/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-server.php on line 1794

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/dh_vfxcbf/onthitot.com/wp-content/themes/blogrank-pro/updater/theme-updater-admin.php:58) in /home/dh_vfxcbf/onthitot.com/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-server.php on line 1794

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/dh_vfxcbf/onthitot.com/wp-content/themes/blogrank-pro/updater/theme-updater-admin.php:58) in /home/dh_vfxcbf/onthitot.com/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-server.php on line 1794

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/dh_vfxcbf/onthitot.com/wp-content/themes/blogrank-pro/updater/theme-updater-admin.php:58) in /home/dh_vfxcbf/onthitot.com/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-server.php on line 1794

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/dh_vfxcbf/onthitot.com/wp-content/themes/blogrank-pro/updater/theme-updater-admin.php:58) in /home/dh_vfxcbf/onthitot.com/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-server.php on line 1794

Warning: Cannot modify header information - headers already sent by (output started at /home/dh_vfxcbf/onthitot.com/wp-content/themes/blogrank-pro/updater/theme-updater-admin.php:58) in /home/dh_vfxcbf/onthitot.com/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-server.php on line 1794
{"id":2550,"date":"2015-04-28T07:05:59","date_gmt":"2015-04-28T07:05:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.diemthi60s.com\/?p=2550"},"modified":"2015-04-28T07:05:59","modified_gmt":"2015-04-28T07:05:59","slug":"ki-nang-lam-bai-nghi-luan-ve-mot-y-kien-ban-ve-van-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/ki-nang-lam-bai-nghi-luan-ve-mot-y-kien-ban-ve-van-hoc\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u0129 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m b\u00e0i ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc"},"content":{"rendered":"

1.1. T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec1<\/strong><\/p>\n

– V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn (lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1, lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m).
\n– X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn.
\n– Ph\u1ea1m vi d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng (t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u).<\/p>\n

1.2. L\u1eadp d\u00e0n \u00fd b\u00e0i v\u0103n ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. M\u1edf b\u00e0i:<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00eau v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn (tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u00fd ki\u1ebfn).<\/p>\n

b. Th\u00e2n b\u00e0i:<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u00fd ki\u1ebfn: c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e0i.
\n– Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, ch\u1ee9ng minh, b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn:<\/p>\n

+ Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e0i (d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng).
\n+ B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn:<\/p>\n

. \u00dd ngh\u0129a (\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng).
\n. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng (\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng).<\/p>\n

c. K\u1ebft b\u00e0i<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.
\n– Li\u00ean h\u1ec7 r\u00fat ra b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

\"nghi-luan-ve-y-kien-ban-ve-van-hoc\"<\/a><\/p>\n

2. Luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp l\u00e0m b\u00e0i ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 1:<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 T\u00e2y Ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Quang D\u0169ng, c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng: ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng d\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ng s\u0129 thu\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00dd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c th\u00ec nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh: h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh mang \u0111\u1eadm v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 th\u1eddi kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, anh\/ch\u1ecb h\u00e3y b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn l\u00e0m b\u00e0i chi ti\u1ebft<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. M\u1edf b\u00e0i:<\/strong><\/p>\n

+ Quang D\u0169ng m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 \u0111a t\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi s\u0129 mang h\u1ed3n th\u01a1 ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng, h\u1ed3n h\u1eadu, t\u00e0i hoa.<\/p>\n

+ T\u00e2y Ti\u1ebfn l\u00e0 b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho \u0111\u1eddi th\u01a1 Quang D\u0169ng v\u00e0 th\u01a1 ca ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p; t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh T\u00e2y Ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

b. Th\u00e2n b\u00e0i:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/strong><\/p>\n

+ \u201cD\u00e1ng d\u1ea5p tr\u00e1ng s\u0129 thu\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb9p tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng phu gi\u00e0u t\u00ednh \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7 ki\u1ec3u v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng trung \u0111\u1ea1i trong h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh; \u201cMang \u0111\u1eadm v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 th\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p\u201d l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u1edf h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb9p th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c ch\u1eaft l\u1ecdc t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng anh v\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n th\u1eddi\u00a0ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

+ \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 hai b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh T\u00e2y Ti\u1ebfn: \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 ra v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn sau ch\u1ec9 ra v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/strong><\/h4>\n

* Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, ch\u1ee9ng minh:<\/strong><\/p>\n

– V\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh mang d\u00e1ng d\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ng s\u0129 thu\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/p>\n

+ Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh trong T\u00e2y Ti\u1ebfn c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb oai phong, l\u1eabm li\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ea7y h\u00e0o kh\u00ed; tinh th\u1ea7n chinh chi\u1ebfn ki\u00eau d\u0169ng, x\u1ea3 th\u00e2n; th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ngang t\u00e0ng, ng\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec5, xem c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft nh\u1eb9 t\u1ef1a l\u00f4ng h\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

+ H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7t trong mi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed bi h\u00f9ng c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng chinh v\u00e0o n\u01a1i lam ch\u01b0\u1edbng ngh\u00ecn tr\u00f9ng, v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n vi\u1ec5n x\u1ee9 ch\u1ed1n bi\u00ean \u1ea3i, g\u1eafn v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trang tr\u1ecdng, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7, …<\/p>\n

– H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh mang \u0111\u1eadm v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 th\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

+ Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n v\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3m t\u1eed cho t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c quy\u1ebft sinh: kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfc \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1i ch\u00ed s\u1eddn l\u00f2ng, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c; \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n ng\u0169 gian kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 v\u1eabn tr\u1ebb trung, tinh ngh\u1ecbch; l\u0103n l\u1ed9n tr\u1eadn m\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t hi sinh m\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111a c\u1ea3m \u0111a t\u00ecnh; d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o t\u00ecnh y\u00eau thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, t\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f4i l\u1ee9a.<\/p>\n

+ H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh binh T\u00e2y Ti\u1ebfn; m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba danh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eadm s\u1eafc th\u00e1i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 s\u1edf v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3m tr\u1edf m\u00e0 th\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng; v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1eadm ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh tr\u1ebb…<\/p>\n

* B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn:<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Hai \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang, tuy c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung nhau, c\u00f9ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh T\u00e2y Ti\u1ebfn: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p tr\u00e1ng s\u0129 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1edbi v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n.<\/p>\n

– H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba th\u01a1 ca truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00fat ph\u00e1p l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o th\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u1eadn m\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i T\u00e2y Ti\u1ebfn m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong cu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

c. K\u1ebft b\u00e0i:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, r\u00fat ra b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 2:<\/strong><\/h3>\n

C\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng: s\u1ef1 nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt T\u1eeb (\u0110\u1eddi th\u1eeba – Nam Cao) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u00e1ch, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng; c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ch\u00e0i (Chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n ngo\u00e0i xa – Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Ch\u00e2u) th\u00ec v\u1eeba \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eeba \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u00e1ch.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 hai nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y, anh\/ch\u1ecb h\u00e3y b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn l\u00e0m b\u00e0i chi ti\u1ebft<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. M\u1edf b\u00e0i:<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Nam Cao l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1edbn, l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i; \u0110\u1eddi th\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1945.<\/p>\n

– Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n t\u00e0i n\u0103ng \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam sau 1975; Chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n ngo\u00e0i xa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

b. Th\u00e2n b\u00e0i<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00dd ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt: \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau: s\u1ef1 nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a T\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u00e1ch, c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ch\u00e0i v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eeba c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, ch\u1ee9ng minh, b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n

* Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, ch\u1ee9ng minh.<\/strong><\/p>\n

– V\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt T\u1eeb<\/p>\n

+ T\u1eeb l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c; hi\u1ec1n t\u1eeb, nhu thu\u1eadn, ch\u0103m ch\u00fat chi li; th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ph\u1ee5; trong kh\u00f4ng gian gia \u0111\u00ecnh; th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

+ S\u1ef1 nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a T\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eabn nh\u1ecbn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi thi\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 trong l\u00fac ph\u1eabn \u0111\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng lu\u00f4n day d\u1ee9t l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

– V\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ch\u00e0i<\/p>\n

+ L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd m\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 t\u00e0n t\u1ec7; s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o, hi\u1ec3u l\u1ebd \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1ng, quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 bi k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cam ch\u1ecbu, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trung t\u00e2m; trong kh\u00f4ng gian r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00f2a \u00e1n; ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

+ S\u1ef1 nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ch\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ecda v\u00f4 l\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng quen th\u00f3i b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh; \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng bu\u00f4ng xu\u00f4i, th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p; kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed3ng, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp tay cho th\u00f3i b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh gia \u0111\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn: Kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a \u00fd ki\u1ebfn:<\/p>\n

– Ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 trong m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng nhau, gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn ra n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

– \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u00e0 n\u00e9t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

c. K\u1ebft b\u00e0i:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, r\u00fat ra b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec1 3: Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1eb7ng Thai Mai cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201c Nh\u00ecn chung v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam phong ph\u00fa, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng; nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 l\u01b0u, m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh, qu\u00e1n th\u00f4ng kim c\u1ed5, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d ( D\u1eabn theo Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Gi\u00e0u tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp-NXB Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c-2001)<\/strong><\/em>
\nH\u00e3y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a anh (ch\u1ecb) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean,<\/p>\n

1.T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec1:<\/strong>
\na:Th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i: ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn ( bao h\u00e0m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, ch\u1ee9ng minh, b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn) v\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec3 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc.
\nb:N\u1ed9i dung:
\n-T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3:
\n+ Phong ph\u00fa, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng: c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau
\n+ ch\u1ee7 l\u01b0u: d\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh (b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u00ednh) kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 l\u01b0u, chi l\u01b0u
\n+ Qu\u00e1n th\u00f4ng kim c\u1ed5: th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay.
\n-T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ebf c\u00e2u v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e2u:
\n+V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, phong ph\u00fa
\n+V\u0103n h\u1ecdc y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 l\u01b0u
\nc: Ph\u1ea1m vi t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u:
\nC\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

2, L\u1eadp d\u00e0n \u00fd:<\/strong>
\na M\u1edf b\u00e0i: Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng Thai Mai
\nb Th\u00e2n b\u00e0i:
\n-Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u n\u00f3i:
\n+ V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng (\u0110a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 phong c\u00e1ch t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3)
\n+V\u0103n h\u1ecdc y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 l\u01b0u, xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00e2u n\u00f3i:
\n+ \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00fang
\n+ V\u0103n h\u1ecdc y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 l\u01b0u xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam:
\nV\u0103n h\u1ecdc trung \u0111\u1ea1i
\nV\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1eadn \u2013 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.
\n+ Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n:
\n\u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam phong ph\u00fa \u0111a d\u1ea1ng
\nDo ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed VN th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.
\n+N\u00eau v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng: Nam qu\u1ed1c s\u01a1n h\u00e0, C\u00e1o b\u00ecnh Ng\u00f4, V\u0103n t\u1ebf ngh\u0129a s\u0129 C\u1ea7n Giu\u1ed9c, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u2026<\/p>\n

c K\u1ebft b\u00e0i:<\/strong> Kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean.
\n+ Gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.
\n+ Bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, kh\u1eafc s\u00e2u c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a cha \u00f4ng trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.
\n+Gi\u1eef g\u00ecn, y\u00eau m\u1ebfn, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec1 4:<\/strong> B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a n\u00f3i: \u201c Tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 nh\u00ecn tr\u0103ng qua k\u1ebd, l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 ng\u1eafm tr\u0103ng ngo\u00e0i s\u00e2n, tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u0103ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i.\u201d( D\u1eabn theo L\u00e2m Ng\u1eef \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, S\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb9p, Nguy\u1ec5n Hi\u1ebfn L\u00ea d\u1ecbch, NXB Tao \u0111\u00e0n, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, 1965)<\/strong><\/em>
\nAnh (ch\u1ecb ) hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

1.T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec1: <\/strong>
\na:Th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i: Ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn (gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u2013 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn) m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc.
\nb: N\u1ed9i dung:
\n-T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 trong \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a L\u00e2m Ng\u1eef \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng.
\n+ Tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 nh\u00ecn tr\u0103ng qua k\u1ebd: ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ph\u1ea1m vi h\u1eb9p
\n+ L\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 ng\u1eafm tr\u0103ng ngo\u00e0i s\u00e2n: t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n khi kinh nghi\u1ec7m, v\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n theo th\u1eddi gian (khi \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch)
\n+ Tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u0103ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0i: Theo th\u1eddi gian, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0ng gi\u00e0u v\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng, kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 v\u1ed1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng am hi\u1ec3u khi \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n.
\n-T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u n\u00f3i: C\u00e0ng l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i, c\u00f3 v\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng, v\u1ed1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m\u2026c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch c\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.
\nc: Ph\u1ea1m vi t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u: Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng<\/p>\n

2.L\u1eadp d\u00e0n \u00fd:<\/strong>
\na: M\u1edf b\u00e0i: Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a L\u00e2m Ng\u1eef \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng.
\nb: Th\u00e2n b\u00e0i:
\n– Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u00e0m \u00fd c\u1ee7a ba h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh so s\u00e1nh \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 trong \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a L\u00e2m Ng\u1eef \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng.
\n+ S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u1edf m\u1ed7i l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn khi \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch (t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc) t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc.
\n-B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00fang c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:
\n+\u0110\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng, v\u1ed1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, kinh nghi\u1ec7m, t\u00e2m l\u00fd, c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc.
\n+V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0110\u1ecdc Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Du:
\nTu\u1ed5i thanh ni\u00ean: C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.
\nL\u1edbn h\u01a1n: Hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u
\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i: C\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u00eam v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Truy\u1ec7n Ki\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

-B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn b\u1ed5 sung nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00fang c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:
\n+Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m khi \u0111\u1ecdc. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m (do t\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng cao v\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, ham h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi,\u2026)
\n+V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i cao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc sinh gi\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc (t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc, ham \u0111\u1ecdc, s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m s\u00e1ch, n\u00e2ng cao ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c)<\/p>\n

c: K\u1ebft b\u00e0i: T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc:
\n-Mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t, t\u1ef1 trang b\u1ecb s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t
\n-\u0110\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft suy ng\u1eabm, tra c\u1ee9u<\/p>\n

II. B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc:<\/strong>
\n1.\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng: v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u1ec1 l\u00ed lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc\u2026<\/p>\n

2.C\u00e1ch l\u00e0m: T\u00f9y t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng thao t\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00ed nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o:
\n+ Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch
\n+ Ch\u1ee9ng minh
\n+ B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 L\u01b0u \u00fd khi l\u00e0m v\u0103n ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. V\u1ec1 v\u0103n xu\u00f4i, th\u00ed sinh ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u, chi ti\u1ebft\u2026 C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc nh\u1eefng d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng quan tr\u1ecdng, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft tr\u1ea7n thu\u1eadt, mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt.<\/li>\n
  2. V\u1ec1 th\u01a1, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t ch\u00ednh trong gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1 hay b\u00e0i th\u01a1.<\/li>\n
  3. C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n t\u1eadp vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u1eafn, kh\u00fac chi\u1ebft m\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i dung ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang t\u1eebng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ra \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn (ch\u00fa \u00fd m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1), t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 r\u00fat ra b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n
  4. \u00a0\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00e0i ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, n\u00ean t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1\u2026 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, so s\u00e1nh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n
  5. \u00a0\u1ede d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec1 d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p (v\u1edbi ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 hai chi ti\u1ebft, hai nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, hai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1…; v\u1edbi ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 hai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 – t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u201cc\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau). Mu\u1ed1n cho b\u00e0i l\u00e0m c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o b\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng. C\u1ea3 2 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng: tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp (d\u1eabn nguy\u00ean v\u0103n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 trong d\u1ea5u \u201c\u2026\u201d; gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp (k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh) \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111an xen c\u1ea3 hai c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. \u201cM\u1eb9o\u201d hay nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng qu\u00e1 d\u00e0i m\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ea7n ch\u1ecdn d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng th\u1eadt ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u, to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc\u201d.<\/li>\n
  6. N\u1eafm \u00fd ch\u00ednh, vi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c Sai l\u1ea7m l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm r\u00f5 \u00fd nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee9 vi\u1ebft lung tung trong b\u00e0i v\u0103n. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u00fd g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft th\u00ec th\u00e0 c\u1ee9 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1i, tr\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd n\u00e0o hay \u00fd \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea5y tr\u1eafng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 g\u1ee1 g\u1ea1t cho b\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng con \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1eb9t \u0111\u1eb9t, an \u1ee7i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u01b0u \u00fd, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u00ean n\u1eafm r\u00f5 n\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n n\u00ean h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb b\u00e0i v\u0103n m\u1eabu v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch v\u1edf \u1edf l\u1edbp, nh\u1eefng \u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng, m\u1ed7i \u00fd l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea5y! Th\u00eam n\u1eefa l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao \u201ckh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng\u201d l\u00e0m v\u0103n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea1n n\u00ean h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 cho ghi trong m\u00f4n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc r\u1ed3i l\u1ea5y n\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft ch\u0103m ch\u00fat. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u01b0a kh\u00e9o th\u00ec b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u201c\u00fd \u0111\u00fang\u201d n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea5y<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    1.1. T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec1 – V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn (lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1, lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m). – X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn. – Ph\u1ea1m vi d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng (t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u). 1.2. L\u1eadp… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2551,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[75],"tags":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2550"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2550"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2550\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2551"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2550"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2550"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2550"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}