Glucozo l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n nay. H\u00f4m nay ch\u00fang ta c\u00f9ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 glucose v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng glucozo<\/p>\n

I\/ T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng glucozo<\/h2>\n

\n
• glucozo l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn k\u1ebft tinh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u, d\u1ec5 tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tan t\u0103ng khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng.<\/li>\n
• glucozo c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y \u1edf 146^{0<\/sup>C (v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1ea1ng \u03b1) v\u00e0 1500<\/sup>C (v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1ea1ng \u03b2)<\/li>\n}
• \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng glucozo c\u00f3 v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ecdt b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00eda. C\u00f3 trong th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y nh\u01b0 l\u00e1, hoa, r\u1ec5…v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3 ch\u00edn.<\/li>\n
• \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng glucozo c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong qu\u1ea3 nho ch\u00edn n\u00ean ta c\u00f2n c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nho. Trong m\u1eadt ong c\u0169ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u glucozo (chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 30%).<\/li>\n
• Glucoz\u01a1 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u1edf trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. Trong m\u00e1u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi glucozo c\u00f3 1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i (v\u1edbi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 0,1%).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

  II\/ C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u1eed<\/h2>\n

  glucozo c\u00f3 CTPT l\u00e0 C_{6<\/sub>H12<\/sub>O6<\/sub>, n\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf 2 d\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch v\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n}

  1\/ glucozo d\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf<\/h3>\n

  a) Th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m<\/strong><\/p>\n

  – Khi kh\u1eed ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng glucozo th\u00ec ta thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 hexan. V\u1eady ta c\u00f3 6 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed C c\u1ee7a 1 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed glucozo t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

  – glucozo c\u00f3 tham gia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00e1ng b\u1ea1c, khi n\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc brom t\u1ea1o ra axit gluconic, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a glucozo c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m CH=O.<\/p>\n

  – Khi glucozo t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t Cu(OH)_{2 <\/sub>t\u1ea1o ra dung d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 m\u00e0u xanh lam, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a glucoz\u01a1 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m OH li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 nhau.<\/p>\n}

  – Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng glucozo\u00a0t\u1ea1o este c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a 5 g\u1ed1c CH_{3<\/sub>COO, v\u00ec v\u1eady trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a glucozo c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a 5 nh\u00f3m OH.<\/p>\n}

  b) K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n

  Ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a glucoz\u01a1 c\u00f3 CTCT thu g\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a d\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

  <\/p>\n

  ho\u1eb7c vi\u1ebft g\u1ecdn l\u00e0: CH_{2<\/sub>OH – (CHOH)4<\/sub> – CHO.<\/p>\n}

  2\/ D\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1ch v\u00f2ng<\/h3>\n

  \n
  • glucozo l\u00e0 k\u1ebft tinh t\u1ea1o ra 2 d\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/li>\n
  • Qua c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c ta \u0111\u1ec1u cho th\u1ea5y 2 d\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi 2 d\u1ea1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ea1ch v\u00f2ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/li>\n
  • Nh\u00f3m ph\u00e2n t\u1eed OH \u1edf C5<\/sub> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m ph\u00e2n t\u1eed C=O t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh 2 d\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1ch v\u00f2ng c\u00f3 6 c\u1ea1nh \u03b1v\u00e0 \u03b2:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    <\/p>\n

    \n
    • Trong dung d\u1ecbch th\u00ec glucozo ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf d\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1ch v\u00f2ng 6 c\u1ea1nh (l\u00e0 \u03b1 v\u00e0 \u03b2). 2 d\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1ch v\u00f2ng n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a l\u1eabn nhau theo 1 d\u1ea1ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng qua d\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf.<\/li>\n
    • Trong nh\u00f3m OH \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed s\u1ed1 1 c\u1ee7a glucozo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m OH hemiaxetal<\/li>\n
    • \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ta c\u00f3 CTCT c\u1ee7a glucozoc\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      <\/p>\n

      III\/ T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n

      glucozo c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a 1 an\u0111ehit (do n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c an\u0111ehit \u2013 CHO) v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ancol \u0111a ch\u1ee9c (do n\u00f3 c\u00f3 5 nh\u00f3m OH \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1).<\/p>\n

      1\/ T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ancol \u0111a ch\u1ee9c (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi poliancol hay poliol)<\/h3>\n

      a) T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch Cu(OH)_{2<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n}

      Trong dung d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec glucozo h\u00f2a tan Cu(OH)_{2<\/sub> cho ra dung d\u1ecbch ph\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng – glucozo m\u00e0u xanh lam:<\/p>\n}

      2C_{6<\/sub>H12<\/sub>O6 <\/sub>+ Cu(OH)2\u00a0<\/sub>\u2192 (C6<\/sub>H11<\/sub>O6<\/sub>)2<\/sub>Cu + 2H2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n}

      \u00a0 ph\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3ng-glucoz\u01a1<\/p>\n

      b) Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ea1o este c\u1ee7a glucozo<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Khi glucose t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi anhi\u0111rit axetic th\u00ec glucozo c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra este c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a 5 g\u1ed1c axetat trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3<\/p>\n

      \u00a0C_{6<\/sub>H7<\/sub>O(OCOCH3<\/sub>)5<\/sub><\/p>\n}

      2\/ Glucose c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a an\u0111ehit<\/h3>\n

      a) Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxi h\u00f3a glucozo<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
      • Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00e1ng b\u1ea1c: Cho v\u00e0o 1 \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ea1ch 1 ml dd AgNO3<\/sub> 1%, sau \u0111\u00f3 ta nh\u1ecf t\u1eebng gi\u1ecdt dd NH3<\/sub> 5% v\u00e0o v\u00e0 l\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a v\u1eeba tan h\u1ebft. Ta th\u00eam ti\u1ebfp 1 ml dd glucozo v\u00e0 \u0111un n\u00f3ng nh\u1eb9 \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m. Ta th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n 1 l\u1edbp b\u1ea1c c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 g\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        <\/p>\n

        \n
        • Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: Ta c\u00f3 ph\u1ee9c b\u1ea1c amoniac \u0111\u00e3 oxi h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng glucozo t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh amoni gluconat v\u00e0 tan v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ra b\u1ea1c kim lo\u1ea1i b\u00e1m d\u00ednh v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m.<\/li>\n
        • \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng glucozo c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eed Cu(II) trong dd Cu(OH)2<\/sub> t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh Cu(I) d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5y Cu2<\/sub>O k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf g\u1ea1ch. V\u00e0 glucozo l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u dd n\u01b0\u1edbc brom.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          b) Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u1eed glucozo<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Ta d\u1eabn kh\u00ed hi\u0111ro v\u00e0o dd glucozo v\u00e0 \u0111un n\u00f3ng (c\u00f3 x\u00fac t\u00e1c l\u00e0 Ni), ta thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1 poliancol l\u00e0 sobitol:<\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n

          3\/ Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u00ean men c\u1ee7a glucozo<\/h3>\n

          Khi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u00f3 enzim l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, th\u00ec glucozo b\u1ecb l\u00ean men t\u1ea1o ra ancol etylic, kh\u00ed cacbonic:<\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n

          4\/ T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a glucozo d\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1ch v\u00f2ng<\/h3>\n

          Nh\u00f3m OH trong glucozo \u1edf C_{1<\/sub> (OH hemiaxetal) c\u1ee7a d\u1ea1ng v\u00f2ng khi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi metanol c\u00f3 HCl l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra metyl glicozit:<\/p>\n}

          <\/p>\n

          Khi nh\u00f3m OH trong glucozo \u1edf C1 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nh\u00f3m OCH_{3<\/sub> th\u00ec d\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1ch v\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a glucozo kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n}

          IV\/ \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf v\u00e8 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/h2>\n

          1\/ \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng glucozo<\/h3>\n

          Trong n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng\u00a0 nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng glucozo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n tinh b\u1ed9t nh\u1edd ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c axit clohi\u0111rit lo\u00e3ng hay enzim. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n xenluloz\u01a1 (trong v\u1ecf b\u00e0o, m\u00f9n c\u01b0a) nh\u1edd ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c axit clohi\u0111rit \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh glucozo l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra ancol etylic. Hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sau:<\/p>\n

          <\/p>\n

          2\/ \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng glucozo<\/h3>\n

          glucozo l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0.<\/p>\n

          Trong n\u1ec1n y h\u1ecdc th\u00ec glucozo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c t\u0103ng l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

          Trong n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, glucozo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng hay tr\u00e1ng ru\u1ed9t ph\u00edch v\u00e0 l\u00e0 1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m trung gian trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ancol etylic t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a tinh b\u1ed9t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 xenluloz\u01a1.<\/p>\n

          Hi v\u1ecdng v\u1edbi b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Glucozo l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n nay. H\u00f4m nay ch\u00fang ta c\u00f9ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 glucose v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[471,450],"tags":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8271"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8271"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8271\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8271"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8271"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8271"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}