M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00ed quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec3m cao trong b\u00e0i thi \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u201c\u0103n\u201d tr\u1ecdn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u v\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, hi\u1ec7n nay nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm r\u00f5 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t d\u1ea1ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y. Sau \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch v\u1ebd v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00f2n \u2013 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u1ec1 thi m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, v\u1ec1 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft<\/h2>\n

B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i v\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00f2n khi \u0111\u1ec1 ra y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m sau \u0111\u00e2y: c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u (%), t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 (%), t\u1ec9 tr\u1ecdng (%), quy m\u00f4 (%) , quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u (%), thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u (%), chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u (%) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 mi\u1ec1n th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00f2n khi s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u00edt h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng 3 n\u0103m (ho\u1eb7c 3 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m). N\u1ebfu l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 3 n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i v\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 mi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ch\u00fa \u00fd khi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00f2n th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u g\u1eafn v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed5ng, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, t\u1ec9 tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eebng ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua b\u1ea3ng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u, t\u1ec9 tr\u1ecdng\u2026 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00f2n<\/h2>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5<\/h3>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 khi v\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00f2n l\u00e0: compa, th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i, th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o g\u00f3c, b\u00fat ch\u00ec, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ea7m tay.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

N\u1ebfu s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 cho l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u % th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 ra s\u1ebd cho s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 nh\u01b0 tri\u1ec7u ha, tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ed3ng\u2026 v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n sang s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u %<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: t\u00ednh b\u00e1n k\u00ednh<\/h3>\n

N\u1ebfu y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec1 ra l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n quy m\u00f4 th\u00ec c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh b\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n n\u0103m (\u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m) \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 1. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ec1 ra cho s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00faa\u00a0 c\u1ee7a 3 n\u0103m 2001, 2002, 2003. Ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh b\u00e1n k\u00ednh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

Quy \u01b0\u1edbc: R_{2001\u00a0<\/sub>= 1 (\u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb b\u00e1n k\u00ednh)<\/p>\n}

R_{2002\u00a0<\/sub>= \u00a0(\u0111vbk)<\/p>\n}

_{\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0R2003\u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>= \u00a0(\u0111vbk)<\/p>\n}

B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: V\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3<\/h3>\n

V\u1ebd c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n theo b\u00e1n k\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean, sau \u0111\u00f3 chia h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nan qu\u1ea1t theo \u0111\u00fang tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho trong \u0111\u1ec1 b\u00e0i. V\u1ebd ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb tia 12 gi\u1edd, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u1ebd c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c theo chi\u1ec1u thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u quay c\u1ee7a kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3. Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 5: Ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3<\/h3>\n

Khi \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebd xong bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3, vi\u1ec7c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ghi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00ean bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3, sau \u0111\u00f3 k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u cho t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n theo d\u00f5i. N\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u trung t\u00ednh, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u r\u01b0\u1eddm r\u00e0, r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ea1ng k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0: k\u1ebb s\u1ecdc ngang, s\u1ecdc ch\u00e9o, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u nh\u00e2n, d\u1ea5u c\u1ed9ng\u2026<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n l\u1eadp b\u1ea3ng ch\u00fa th\u00edch cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n theo nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3. V\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ghi t\u00ean cho bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 ba, c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00f2n<\/h2>\n

Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00f2n c\u00f3 3 d\u1ea1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00f2n \u0111\u01a1n; bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00f2n c\u00f3 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau; bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f2 b\u00e1n tr\u00f2n (hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 b\u00e1n nguy\u1ec7t) th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00f2n<\/h2>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00f2n \u0111\u01a1n: Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ta c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t theo c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t th\u00ec th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o l\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ebd l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 2 v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 3\u2026 Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u01a1n k\u00e9m nhau g\u1ea5p m\u1ea5y l\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5y %.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 2 \u0111\u1ebfn 3 h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n: Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u00e1i chung nh\u1ea5t, bao qu\u00e1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u0103ng gi\u1ea3m ra sao, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 3 h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng gi\u1ea3m li\u00ean t\u1ee5c hay kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0o?. Sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u1ec1 t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong t\u1eebng n\u0103m. V\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng: Khi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ea7n ghi r\u00f5 l\u00e0 theo t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t theo s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e0 % v\u00ec t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nhau, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c t\u0103ng nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft, c\u00e1ch v\u1ebd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t cho bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u00f2n. T\u1ef1u chung l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t d\u1ea1ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang d\u1ea1ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m, tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 nh\u1edb l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 r\u00e8n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u1ebd v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00ed quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec3m cao trong b\u00e0i thi \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u201c\u0103n\u201d tr\u1ecdn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u v\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, hi\u1ec7n nay nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":8913,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[475,450,49,75],"tags":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8910"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8910"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8910\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8913"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8910"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8910"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8910"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}