3 D\u1ea0NG B\u00c0I T\u1eacP \u0110\u1ed8T BI\u1ebeN C\u1ea4U TR\u00daC \u2013 S\u1ed0 L\u01af\u1ee2NG NST<\/strong><\/h3>\n

D\u1ea0NG 1 NH\u1eacN X\u00c9T TH\u1ec2 \u0110\u1ed8T BI\u1ebeN C\u1ea4U TR\u00daC<\/strong><\/h3>\n

L\u01b0u \u00fd: So s\u00e1nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c gen tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau khi \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac NST. N\u1ebfu m\u1ea5t gen th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu l\u1eb7p gen th\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn l\u1eb7p \u0111o\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m gen b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111o\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u00eam gen m\u1edbi v\u00e0o th\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t
\nbi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i t\u1eadp 1. Trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 ru\u1ed3i gi\u1ea5m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 3 d\u00f2ng tr\u00ean NST s\u1ed1 3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c gen v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u01b0 sau<\/p>\n

D\u00f2ng 1: c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gen ABCGFEDHI
\nD\u00f2ng 2: c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gen ABCGFIHDE
\nD\u00f2ng 3: c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gen ABHIFGCDE<\/p>\n

1. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn g\u00ec? gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch.<\/p>\n

2. Bi\u1ebft d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb d\u00f2ng kia. H\u00e3y th\u1eed gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i<\/p>\n

1) \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn g\u00ec? Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch.
\n– S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gen tr\u00ean NST s\u1ed1 3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c gen thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u2192
\n\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111o\u1ea1n NST.<\/p>\n

2) N\u1ebfu d\u00f2ng 1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ru\u1ed3i gi\u1ea5m ban \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ec:
\n– D\u00f2ng 2 c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n EDHI b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i so v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng 1, v\u1eady d\u00f2ng 2 l\u00e0 do d\u00f2ng 1 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn
\n\u0111\u1ea3o \u0111o\u1ea1n
\n– D\u00f2ng 3 c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n CGFIH b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i so v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng 2, v\u1eady d\u00f2ng 3 l\u00e0 do d\u00f2ng 2 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn
\n\u0111\u1ea3o \u0111o\u1ea1n. V\u1eady s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng:
\nD\u00f2ng 1 \u2194 D\u00f2ng 2 \u2194 D\u00f2ng 3<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u00e0m b\u00e0i t\u1eadp m\u00f4n sinh h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 3 d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac – s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3<\/em><\/p>\n

D\u1ea0NG 2: \u0110\u1ed8T BI\u1ebeN S\u1ed0 L\u01af\u1ee2NG NST K\u1ebeT H\u1ee2P V\u1edaI PH\u00c9P LAI<\/strong><\/h3>\n

L\u01b0u \u00fd
\n– Khi x\u1eed l\u00ed c\u00f4nxixin n\u1ebfu th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u00ec t\u1eeb c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 2n \u2192 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 4n.
\n– D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u00e9p lai \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ki\u1ec3u gen c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1, m\u1eb9.
\n– Khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 giao t\u1eed c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 tam b\u1ed9i ta d\u00f9ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u201ctam gi\u00e1c\u201d. C\u01a1 th\u1ec3
\nt\u1ee9 b\u1ed9i ta d\u00f9ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u201cT\u1ee9 gi\u00e1c\u201d.
\n– Ch\u00fa \u00fd vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p lai:<\/p>\n

P. AAaa x AAaa; P. AAaa x Aa; P. Aaaa x Aaaa; P. AAAa x AAAa<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i t\u1eadp 2.<\/strong>\u00a0\u1ede c\u00e0 chua gen A quy \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecf, alen a quy \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0ng. Lai 2 th\u1ee9 c\u00e0 chua l\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ed9i thu\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7ng qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf v\u1edbi qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c F1 to\u00e0n c\u00e2y m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf. X\u1eed l\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4nxixin c\u00e1c c\u00e2y F1. Cho c\u00e1c c\u00e2y F1 sau \u0111\u1ed9t x\u1eed l\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn lai v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c F2 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sau:<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 1: F2 c\u00f3 421 c\u00e2y cho qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 12 c\u00e2y cho qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 2: F2 c\u00f3 100 c\u00e2y qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 9 c\u00e2y cho qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 3: F3 c\u00f3 121 c\u00e2y qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 42 c\u00e2y cho qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lai cho m\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. Bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn gen, m\u1ed7i h\u1ee3p t\u1eed v\u00e0 giao t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhau.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i<\/p>\n

P: AA x aa \u2192 F1. AA. Khi x\u1eed l\u00ed c\u00f4nxixin F1 n\u1ebfu th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u00ec t\u1eeb c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 2n \u2192 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 4n, c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u gen AAaA.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 1. F2 ph\u00e2n t\u00ednh 35 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecf: 1 qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0ng. V\u1eady ta c\u00f3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lai<\/p>\n

AAaa x AAaa \u2192 F2<\/p>\n

ph\u00e2n t\u00ednh 35A— : 1aaaa<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 2. F2 ph\u00e2n t\u00ednh 11 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecf: 1 qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0ng. V\u1eady ta c\u00f3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lai<\/p>\n

AAaa x Aa \u2192 F2 ph\u00e2n t\u00ednh 11A– : 1aaa<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 3. F2 ph\u00e2n t\u00ednh 3 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecf: 1 qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0ng. V\u1eady ta c\u00f3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lai<\/p>\n

Aa x Aa \u2192 F2 ph\u00e2n t\u00ednh 3A- : 1aa<\/p>\n

D\u1ea0NG 3 \u0110\u1ed8T BI\u1ebeN NST K\u1ebeT H\u1ee2P V\u1edaI PH\u00c2N B\u00c0O<\/strong><\/h3>\n

L\u01b0u \u00fd
\n– N\u1ebfu 1 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng sau k l\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean ph\u00e2n s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra 2k t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng (2n). Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed trong l\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean ph\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp theo c\u00f3 x t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (2n) x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac NST \u1edf 1 cromatit, y t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (2n) kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn (b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng). Th\u00ec:<\/p>\n

+ x t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (2n) b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn n\u1ebfu tr\u1ea3i qua k1 l\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean ph\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra (x\/2 x 2k1)
\nt\u1ebf b\u00e0o (2n) b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 (x\/2 x 2k1) t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (2n) mang \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac NST.
\n+ y t\u1ebf b\u00e0o tr\u1ea3i qua k2 l\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean ph\u00e2n s\u1ebd t\u1ea1 ra (y.2k2) t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

– N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 x t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (2n) b\u1ecb r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p NST th\u00ec ngay l\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n b\u00e0o ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd
\nH\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ebf x t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn (4n). C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00e0y nguy\u00ean ph\u00e2n k1 l\u1ea7n s\u1ebd cho x x 2k1 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o
\n\u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn (4n). C\u00f2n y t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng (2n) nguy\u00ean ph\u00e2n k2 l\u1ea7n s\u1ebd cho y x 2k2 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u00ecnh
\nth\u01b0\u1eddng (2n).<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i t\u1eadp 3. M\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ru\u1ed3i gi\u1ea5m c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 NST 2n, nguy\u00ean ph\u00e2n li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp 5 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c
\nt\u1ebf b\u00e0o con. Khi x\u1eed l\u00ed t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o con h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 25% s\u1ed1
\nt\u1ebf b\u00e0o con h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t 1 \u0111o\u1ea1n cr\u00f4matit c\u1ee7a c\u1eb7p s\u1ed1 3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o
\nnguy\u00ean ph\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp theo. \u0110o\u1ea1n cr\u00f4matit b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t g\u1ed3m 600 c\u1eb7p nucl\u00eaotit, trong \u0111\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i A=
\n15% nucl\u00eaotit c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 \u0111o\u1ea1n. C\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o con b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean ph\u00e2n li\u00ean
\nti\u1ebfp 5 l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ph\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

1. T\u00ednh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.
\n2. C\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau NST trong c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o con mang \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.
\n3. Khi t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n NST th\u00ec nhu c\u1ea7u m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i nucl\u00eaotit gi\u1ea3m \u0111i bao nhi\u00eau so v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng
\n\u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i<\/strong><\/p>\n

1) T\u00ednh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

– H\u1ee3p t\u1eed nguy\u00ean ph\u00e2n 5 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u cho 2x2x2x2x2 (2 m\u0169 5) = 32 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o 2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. X\u1eed l\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m
\n25% x 32 = 8 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (2n) b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1edf 1 cromatit, c\u00f2n 75% x 32 = 24 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (2n)
\nb\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.
\n– 8 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (2n) b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean ph\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp 5 l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa cho: 4 x 2x2x2x2x2( 2 m\u0169 5) = 128 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (2n) \u0111\u1ed9t<\/p>\n

bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 4 x 2x2x2x2x2 (2 m\u0169 5) = 128 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (2n) b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

– 24 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (2n) b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng nguy\u00ean ph\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp 5 l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa cho: 24 x 2x2x2x2x2 (2 m\u0169 5) = 768 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (2n) b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

V\u1eady t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (2n) \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn : t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (2n) b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng = 128: (128 + 768) = 1\/7.<\/p>\n

2) C\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau NST trong c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o con mang \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 128 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o (2n) mang \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1n NST.<\/p>\n

3) Khi t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n NST th\u00ec nhu c\u1ea7u m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i nucl\u00eaotit gi\u1ea3m \u0111i bao nhi\u00eau so v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng
\n\u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

– \u0110o\u1ea1n b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t c\u00f3 600 x 2 = 1200 (N) \u2192 A* = T* = 1200 x 15% = 180 (N); G* = X* = 420 (N)<\/p>\n

V\u1eady s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nucleotit t\u1ef1 do gi\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

3 D\u1ea0NG B\u00c0I T\u1eacP \u0110\u1ed8T BI\u1ebeN C\u1ea4U TR\u00daC \u2013 S\u1ed0 L\u01af\u1ee2NG NST D\u1ea0NG 1 NH\u1eacN X\u00c9T TH\u1ec2 \u0110\u1ed8T BI\u1ebeN C\u1ea4U TR\u00daC L\u01b0u \u00fd: So s\u00e1nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c gen tr\u01b0\u1edbc… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[471,450,49,75],"tags":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9501"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9501"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9501\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9501"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9501"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/onthitot.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9501"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}